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1 ST6 FAMILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
1.1 APPLICATION EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 AN1501: SIMPLE MICROCONTROLLED BALLAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.2 PROGRAMMING AND TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 AN1369: GETTING STARTED WITH RAISONANCE IDE FOR ST6 MCUS . . . . . . . 10 1.3 SYSTEM DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1 .3 . 1 AN 676: AN677: AN839: AN 840: AN 841: AN 842: GRAPHICAL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BATTERY CHARGER USING THE ST6-REALIZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAINLESS "MCU" CODE BY GRAPHICAL APPLICATION DESCRIPTION ANALOG MULTIPLE KEY DECODING USING THE ST6-REALIZER . . . . CODED LOCK USING THE ST6-REALIZER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A CLOCK DESIGN USING THE ST6-REALIZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY DRIVE USING THE ST6-REALIZER . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11 11 11 11 12 12

1 .3 . 2 HOME APPLIANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 AN885: ST62 MICROCONTROLLERS DRIVE HOME APPLIANCE MOTOR TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1 .3 . 3 BATTERY MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 AN417: FROM NICD TO NIMH FAST BATTERY CHARGING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 AN859: AN INTELLIGENT ONE HOUR MULTICHARGER FOR LI-ION, NIMH AND NICD BATTERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 AN1464: LOW-COST DOUBLE LI-ION BATTERY CHARGER USING ST6255C/ ST6265C MCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 MOTOR CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 MICROCONTROLLER AND TRIACS ON THE 110/240V MAINS. . . . . . . . 16 CONTROLLING A BRUSH DC MOTOR WITH AN ST6265 MCU . . . . . . . . 16 SENSORLESS MOTOR DRIVE WITH THE ST62 MCU + TRIAC. . . . . . . . 17 IMPROVES UNIVERSAL MOTOR DRIVE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 IMPROVED SENSORLESS CONTROL WITH THE ST62 MCU FOR UNIVERSAL MOTOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 AN1448: HOW TO REDUCE 3RD HARMONICS WITH ST6200C MOTOR CONTROL SOFTWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 AN1449: ST6200C UNIVERSAL MOTOR DRIVE SOFTWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.4 SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1 .4.1 AN 431: AN 594: AN 672: AN 673: COST REDUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . USING ST6 ANALOG INPUTS FOR MULTIPLE KEY DECODING. . . . . . . DIRECT SOFTWARE LCD DRIVE WITH ST621X AND ST626X . . . . . . . . OPTIMIZING THE ST6 A/D CONVERTER ACCURACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REDUCING CURRENT CONSUMPTION AT 32KHZ WITH ST62 . .8.9. . . . 19 19 20 20 20 1 .3 . 4 AN 392: AN414: AN416: AN 422: AN863:

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1 .4 . 2 AN 420: AN 432: AN434: AN435: AN669: AN 670: AN671: AN 911: AN 975: DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EXPANDING A/D RESOLUTION OF THE ST6 A/D CONVERTER. . . . . . . USING ST62XX I/O PORTS SAFELY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MOVEMENT DETECTOR CONCEPTS FOR NOISY ENVIRONMENTS . . DESIGNING WITH MICROCONTROLLERS IN NOISY ENVIRONMENTS SIMPLE RESET CIRCUITS FOR THE ST62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OSCILLATOR SELECTION FOR ST62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PREVENTION OF DATA CORRUPTION IN ST6 ON-CHIP EEPROM . . . . ST6 MICRO IS EMC CHAMPION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UPGRADING FROM ST625X/6XB TO ST625X/6XC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27

1 .4 . 3 PERIPHERAL OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN590: PWM GENERATION WITH ST62 AUTO-RELOAD TIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN591: INPUT CAPTURE WITH ST62 AUTO-RELOAD TIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN592: PLL GENERATION USING THE ST62 AUTO-RELOAD TIMER . . . . . . . . . AN593: ST62 IN-CIRCUIT PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN678: LCD DRIVING WITH ST6240. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN913: PWM GENERATION WITH ST62 16-BIT AUTO-RELOAD TIMER . . . . . . . AN914: USING ST626X SPI AS UART. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN1016: ST6 USING THE ST623XB/ST628XB UART. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN1050: ST6 INPUT CAPTURE WITH ST62 16-BIT AUTO-RELOAD TIMER . . . . . AN1127: USING THE ST62T6XC/5XC SPI IN MASTER MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN1447: SOFTWARE DRIVER FOR 4-MULTIPLEXED LCD WITH A STANDARD ST62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 ST7 FAMILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
2.1 APPLICATION EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 AN1658: SERIAL NUMBERING IMPLEMENTATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 AN1755: A HIGH RESOLUTION / PRECISION THERMOMETER USING ST7 AND NE555. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 AN1756: CHOOSING A DALI IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGYWITH ST7DALI . . . . 28 AN1812: A HIGH PRECISION, LOW COST, SINGLE SUPPLY ADC FOR POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INPUT VOLTAGES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.2 EXAMPLE DRIVERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 AN 969: AN970: AN971: AN 972: AN 973: SCI COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ST7 AND PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 SPI COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ST7 AND EEPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 I²C COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ST7 AND M24CXX EEPROM . . . . . . . 30 ST7 SOFTWARE SPI MASTER COMMUNICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 SCI SOFTWARE COMMUNICATION WITH A PC USING ST72251 16-BIT TIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 AN974: REAL TIME CLOCK WITH THE ST7 TIMER OUTPUT COMPARE . . . . . . 31 AN976: DRIVING A BUZZER USING THE ST7 PWM FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 AN979: DRIVING AN ANALOG KEYBOARD WITH THE ST7 ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

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AN980: ST7 KEYPAD DECODING TECHNIQUES, IMPLEMENTING WAKE-UP ON KEYSTROKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 AN1017: USING THE ST7 USB MICROCONTROLLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 AN1041: USING ST7 PWM SIGNAL TO GENERATE ANALOG OUTPUT (SINUSOID) 31 AN1042: ST7 ROUTINE FOR I²C SLAVE MODE MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 AN1044: MULTIPLE INTERRUPT SOURCES MANAGEMENT FOR ST7 MCUS . . . 32 AN1045: ST7 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF I²C BUS MASTER . . . . . . . . . . 32 AN1046: ST7 UART EMULATION SOFTWARE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 AN1047: MANAGING RECEPTION ERRORS WITH THE ST7 SCI PERIPHERAL. . 32 AN1048: ST7 SOFTWARE LCD DRIVER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 AN1078: ST7 TIMER PWM DUTY CYCLE SWITCH FOR TRUE 0% OR 100% DUTY CYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 AN1082: DESCRIPTION OF THE ST72141 MOTOR CONTROL PERIPHERAL REGISTERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 AN1083: ST72141 BLDC MOTOR CONTROL SOFTWARE AND FLOWCHART EXAMPLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 AN1105: ST7 PCAN PERIPHERAL DRIVER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 AN1129: PWM MANAGEMENT FOR BLDC MOTOR DRIVES USING THE ST7214134 AN1130: AN INTRODUCTION TO SENSORLESS BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR DRIVE APPLICATIONS WITH THE ST72141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 AN1148: USING THE ST7263 FOR DESIGNING A USB MOUSE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 AN1149: HANDLING SUSPEND MODE ON A USB MOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 AN1180: USING THE ST7263 KIT TO IMPLEMENT A USB GAME PAD . . . . . . . . . 36 AN1276: BLDC MOTOR START ROUTINE FOR THE ST72141 MICROCONTROLLER 36 AN1321: USING THE ST72141 MOTOR CONTROL MCU IN SENSOR MODE . . . . 37 AN1325: USING THE ST7 USB LOW-SPEED FIRMWARE V4.X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 AN1445: USING THE ST7 SPI TO EMULATE A 16-BIT SLAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 AN1475: DEVELOPING AN ST7265X MASS STORAGE APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . 38 AN1504: STARTING A PWM SIGNAL DIRECTLY AT HIGH LEVEL USING THE ST7 16BIT TIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 AN1602: 16-BIT TIMING OPERATIONS USING ST7262 OR ST7263B MCUS. . . . . 38 AN1633: DEVICE FIRMWARE UPGRADE (DFU) IMPLEMENTATION IN NON-USB APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 AN1712: GENERATING A HIGH RESOLUTION SINEWAVE USING ST7 PWMART 39 AN1713: SMBUS SLAVE DRIVER FOR ST7 I2C PERIPHERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 AN1753: SOFTWARE UART USING ST7 12-BIT AUTORELOAD TIMER. . . . . . . . . 39 AN1947: ST7MC PMAC SINE WAVE MOTOR CONTROL SOFTWARE LIBRARY . 39 2.3 PRODUCT EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 AN910: ST7 AND ST9 PERFORMANCE BENCHMARKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 AN990: ST7 BENEFITS VERSUS INDUSTRY STANDARD . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.9. . . . 40 AN1077: OVERVIEW OF ENHANCED CAN CONTROLLERS FOR ST7 AND ST9 MCUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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AN1086: ST7 / ST10 U435 CAN-DO SOLUTIONS FOR CAR MULTIPLEXING . . . . AN1150: BENCHMARK ST72 VS PC16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN1151: PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BETWEEN ST72254 & PC16F8 . . . . . . AN1278: LIN (LOCAL INTERCONNECT NETWORK) SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 41 42 42

2.4 PRODUCT MIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 AN1131: MIGRATING APPLICATIONS FROM ST72511/311/214/124 TO ST72521/321/ 324 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 AN1322: MIGRATING AN APPLICATION FROM ST7263 REV.B TO ST7263B . . . . 43 AN1365: GUIDELINES FOR MIGRATING ST72C254 APPLICATIONS TO ST72F264. 43 AN1604: HOW TO USE ST7MDT1-TRAIN WITH ST72F264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 AN1752: ST72324 QUICK REFERENCE NOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 AN2197: GUIDELINES FOR MIGRATING ST72F324 & ST72F321APPLICATIONS TO ST72F324B, ST72F321B OR ST72F325 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 AN2200: GUIDELINES FOR MIGRATING ST7LITE1X APPLICATIONS TO ST7FLITE1XB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.5 PRODUCT OPTIMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 AN982: USING CERAMIC RESONATORS WITH THE ST7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 AN1014: HOW TO MINIMIZE THE ST7 POWER CONSUMPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 AN1040: MONITORING THE VBUS SIGNAL FOR USB SELF-POWERED DEVICES45 AN1070: ST7 CHECKSUM SELFCHECKING CAPABILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 AN1324: CALIBRATING THE RC OSCILLATOR OF THE ST7FLITE0 MCU USING THE MAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 AN1477: EMULATED DATA EEPROM WITH XFLASH MEMORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 AN1502: EMULATED DATA EEPROM WITH ST7 HDFLASH MEMORY . . . . . . . . . 46 AN1529: EXTENDING THE CURRENT & VOLTAGE CAPABILITY ON THE ST7265 VDDF SUPPLY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 AN1530: ACCURATE TIMEBASE FOR LOW-COST ST7 APPLICATIONS WITH INTERNAL RC OSCILLATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 AN1605: USING AN ACTIVE RC TO WAKEUP THE ST7LITE0 FROM POWER SAVING MODE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 AN1636: UNDERSTANDING AND MINIMIZING ADC CONVERSION ERRORS . . . 47 AN1946: SENSORLESS BLDC MOTOR CONTROL AND BEMF SAMPLING METHODS WITH ST7MC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 AN1953: PFC FOR ST7MC STARTER KIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 AN1971: ST7LITE0 MICROCONTROLLED BALLAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.6 PROGRAMMING AND TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 AN978: AN983: AN 985: AN986: AN 987: ST7 VISUAL DEBUG SOFTWARE KEY DEBUGGING FEATURES. . . . . . KEY FEATURES OF THE COSMIC ST7 C-COMPILER PACKAGE . . . . . . EXECUTING CODE IN ST7 RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . USING THE ST7 INDIRECT ADDRESSING MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ST7 IN-CIRCUIT PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 49 49 49 49

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AN988: STARTING WITH ST7 ASSEMBLY TOOL CHAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 AN989: STARTING WITH ST7 HIWARE C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 AN1039: ST7 MATH UTILITY ROUTINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 AN1064: WRITING OPTIMIZED HIWARE C LANGUAGE FOR ST7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 AN1071: HALF DUPLEX USB-TO-SERIAL BRIDGE USING THE ST72611 USB MICROCONTROLLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 AN1106: TRANSLATING ASSEMBLY CODE FROM HC05 TO ST7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 AN1179: PROGRAMMING ST7 FLASH MICROCONTROLLERS IN REMOTE ISP . 51 AN1446: USING THE ST72521 EMULATOR TO DEBUG A ST72324 TARGET APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 AN1478: PORTING AN ST7 PANTA PROJECT TO CODEWARRIOR IDE . . . . . . . . 52 AN1527: DEVELOPING A USB SMARTCARD READER WITH ST7SCR . . . . . . . . . 52 AN1575: ON-BOARD PROGRAMMING METHODS FOR XFLASH AND HDFLASH ST7 MCUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 AN1576: IN-APPLICATION PROGRAMMING (IAP) DRIVERS FOR ST7 HDFLASH OR XFLASH MCUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 AN1577: ST7 - DEVICE FIRMWARE UPGRADE (DFU) IMPLEMENTATION IN ST7 USB DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 AN1601: SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION FOR ST7DALI-EVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 AN1603: USING THE ST7 USB DEVICE FIRMWARE UPGRADE DEVELOPMENT KIT (DFU-DK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 AN1635: ST7 CUSTOMER ROM CODE RELEASE INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 AN1754: DATA LOGGING PROGRAM FOR TESTING ST7 APPLICATIONS VIA ICC. 54 AN1796: FIELD UPDATES FOR FLASH BASED ST7 APPLICATIONS USING A PC COMM PORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 AN1900: HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION FOR ST7DALI-EVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 AN1904: ST7MC THREE-PHASE AC INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROL SOFTWARE LIBRARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 AN1905: ST7MC THREE-PHASE BLDC MOTOR CONTROL SOFTWARE LIBRARY55 2.7 SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 AN1711: SOFTWARE TECHNIQUES FOR COMPENSATING ST7 ADC ERRORS 56 AN1827: IMPLEMENTATION OF SIGMA-DELTA ADC WITH ST7FLITE05/09 . . . . 56 AN1828: PIR (PASSIVE INFRARED) DETECTOR USING ST7FLITE05/09/SUPERLITE 56 AN1830: ACHIEVING HIGH ACCURACY AND 13-BIT RESOLUTION WITH ST7LITE2 ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 AN2009: PWM MANAGEMENT FOR 3-PHASE BLDC MOTOR DRIVES USING THE ST7FMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 AN2030: BACK EMF DETECTION DURING PWM ON TIME BY ST7MC. . . . . . . . . 57
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3 STR7 FAMILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
3.1 APPLICATION EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 AN1774: STR71X SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . . AN1775: STR71X HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . AN1776: INTERRUPT HANDLING FOR STR7 MICROCONTROLLERS . . . . . . . . . AN1777: STR71X MEMORY MAPPING AND DEVELOPMENT TOOLSET . . . . . . . AN1778: STR7 ARM MULTI-ICE SETUP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN1780: STR71X RTC APPLICATION EXAMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN1781: STR71X GPIO DRIVING FOUR 7-SEGMENT DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN1782: STR71X I2C COMMUNICATION WITH M24CXX EEPROM . . . . . . . . . . . AN1797: STR71X UART COMMUNICATION WITH A PC USING RS232 . . . . . . . . AN1798: STR71X ADC CONVERSION SPEED-UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN1799: STR71X GPIO DRIVING A 4X4 MATRIX KEYPAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN1800: STR71X BSPI USED AS AN UART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN1809: STR71X ADC DRIVING AN ANALOG KEYBOARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN1810: STR71X BSPI COMMUNICATION WITH M25P10-A SERIAL FLASH . . . . AN1907: STR720 HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT GETTING STARTED. . . . . . . . . . AN1908: STR720 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . . AN2046: STR71X CLOCK CONFIGURATIONS EASY SETUP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN2156: STR73X HARDWARE GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN2260: STR73X SYSTEMMEMORY MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 58 58 58 58 59 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 61 61

3.2 PROGRAMMING AND TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 AN2077: EEPROM EMULATION WITH STR71X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 AN2078: STR71X IN-APPLICATION PROGRAMMING USING UART . . . . . . . . . . . 62 AN2099: GUIDELINES FOR CONNECTING VIA JTAG PROTOCOL TO THE STR71X MICROCONTROLLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

4 ST9 FAMILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
4.1 APPLICATION EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 AN413: INITIALIZATION OF THE ST9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 AN415: USING THE I2C-BUS PROTOCOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 AN421: STACK OVERFLOW DETECTION USING THE ST9 TIMER WATCHDOG 65 AN910: ST7 AND ST9 PERFORMANCE BENCHMARKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 AN1069: ADDRESSING UP TO 4 MBYTES OF MEMORY FROM A ST9+ WITH A 16BIT EXTERNAL BUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 AN1076: ST9 EXTERNAL MEMORY INTERFACE CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . 66 AN1087: ST9+ INTERRUPT RESPONSE TIME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 AN1275: IN APPLICATION PROGRAMMING FOR ST92F120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 AN1450: ST9 FLASH PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 AN1479: HIGH-PERFORMANCE MOTOR SYSTEM FOR WASHING MACHINES . 66

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4.2 EXAMPLE DRIVERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 AN1084: GETTING STARTED WITH THE ST92141 SOFTWARE LIBRARY - VERSION 1.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 AN1277: ST92141 AC MOTOR CONTROL SOFTWARE LIBRARY VERSION 2.0 UPDATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 AN1367: ST92141 AC MOTOR CONTROL SOFTWARE LIBRARY VERSION 2.1 UPDATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.3 PRODUCT EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 AN1278: LIN (LOCAL INTERCONNECT NETWORK) SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 AN1077: OVERVIEW OF ENHANCED CAN CONTROLLERS FOR ST7 AND ST9 MCUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.4 PRODUCT MIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 AN977: GUIDELINES FOR UPGRADING FROM THE ST92F120 (0.50 M) TO THE ST92F124 AND ST92F150 (0.35 M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.5 PROBLEM RESOLUTION GUIDELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 AN1474: ST92F150 AND ST92F120 PROBLEM RESOLUTION GUIDELINES. . . . . 71 4.6 PRODUCT OPTIMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 AN1040: MONITORING THE VBUS SIGNAL FOR USB SELF-POWERED DEVICES72 AN1152: OPTIMIZING THE USAGE OF THE ST92F120 EEPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 AN1498: DESIGNING A THREE PHASE AC INVERTER CONTROL & INTERFACE BOARD WITH THE ST92141 MCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 AN1499: DESIGNING A LOW COST POWER BOARD FOR THE ST92141 MOTOR CONTROL MCU WITHOUT USING IPMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 AN1528: ST92F120/F124/150/F250 TESTFLASH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.7 PROGRAMMING AND TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 AN1578: DEVELOPING ST92F250 APPLICATIONS USING THE ST92F150-EMU2 EMULATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

5 ST10 FAMILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
5.1 EXAMPLE DRIVERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 AN1099: DSP MAC SIGNAL PROCESSING ALGORITHMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 AN1101: PROGRAMMING ST10X167/ST10F168 CAN INTERRUPT DRIVERS. . . . 75 AN1102: DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS USING MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.2 PRODUCT EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 AN1086: ST7 / ST10 U435 CAN-DO SOLUTIONS FOR CAR MULTIPLEXING . . . . 77 5.3 PRODUCT MIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
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5.4 PRODUCT OPTIMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 AN1100: ST10X167/F168 REDUCING ANALOG-DIGITAL CONVERSION ERROR. 79 AN1109: ST10X167/F168 MINIMIZING POWER CONSUMPTION FOR SPI EEPROMS 79 5.5 PROGRAMMING AND TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 AN1247: ST10F168 ST EMBEDDED ALGORITHM KERNEL (STEAK) FOR FLASH PROGRAMMING / ERASING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

6 TUTORIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
6.1 GENERAL PURPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 AN886: SELECTING BETWEEN ROM AND OTP FOR A MICROCONTROLLER . AN887: MAKING IT EASY WITH MICROCONTROLLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AN899: SOLDERING RECOMMENDATIONS AND PACKAGING INFORMATION . AN900: INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . AN1068: SELECTING BETWEEN ROM, FASTROM AND FLASH FOR A MICROCONTROLLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 81 81 82 82

6.2 PRODUCT OPTIMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 AN898: EMC GENERAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 AN901: EMC GUIDE-LINES FOR MICROCONTROLLER - BASED APPLICATIONS . 83 6.3 PROGRAMMING AND TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 AN912: A SIMPLE GUIDE TO DEVELOPMENT TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

7 GENERAL MCU FAMILIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
AN1015: SOFTWARE TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVING MICROCONTROLLER EMC PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 AN1181: ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE SENSITIVITY MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . 85 AN1476: LOW-COST POWER SUPPLY FOR HOME APPLIANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 AN1709: EMC DESIGN GUIDE FOR ST MICROCONTROLLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 AN1720: MANAGING THE READ-OUT PROTECTION IN FLASH MICROCONTROLLERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

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1 ST6 FAMILY
1.1 APPLICATION EXAMPLES AN1501:SIMPLE MICROCONTROLLED BALLAST The purpose of this paper is to give a basic understanding of a microcontroller and its potential usage in an electronic ballast. A brief summary of how the microcontroller operates and the most common types of functions it can perform will be shown as they relate to being used in an electronic ballast. Next, ideas of how to implement the most common functions and their associated advantages/weaknesses will be examined. Finally, a brief summary of things that should be examined closely will be presented to help assure a good start to a basic microcontrolled ballast design. 1.2 PROGRAMMING AND TOOLS AN1369:GETTING STARTED WITH RAISONANCE IDE FOR ST6 MCUS Ride is the development toolchain for ST62 developed by Raisonance. This fully Integrated Development Environment supports all the ST62 microcontroller family and features a powerful macro-assembler, a linker, a C compiler and a state-of-the-art simulator and debugger. It can drive the ST6-HDS2, CEIBO EB-ST62 and SOFTEC DS6225A & DS6265A emulators.

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1.3 SYSTEM DESIGN 1.3.1 GRAPHICAL DESIGN AN676:BATTERY CHARGER USING THE ST6-REALIZER Because competition becomes greater and greater it is important to reduce time to market. The ST6 Realizer helps to fullfill this duty. The time needed to realize a design is dramatically reduced. Design of an application takes a few days instead of a few weeks. Users who develop ST6 applications are systems electronics engineers; Often they do not know the assembler well and there are reluctant to use it. The ST6 Realizer allows users to design their applications using symbols known by hardware designers such as comparators, counters, multiplexers. Once the design is over, the ST6 Realizer generates assembly code or executable code for the different ST6 target hardware. AN677:PAINLESS "MCU" CODE BY GRAPHICAL APPLICATION DESCRIPTION Some electromechanics and automatics engineers hesitate to use microcontroller (MCU) solutions despite their recognised advantages: High integration and flexibility for enhanced features. Their main worry is the unpleasant aspect of MCU application development: Learning, code writing, debugging through quite unconvivial tools. Fortunately, it is possible today to use these tools (and to keep the genuine integrity of the code issued) through a graphic interface. This new complete toolbox, the ST6-Realizer , allows a graphical description of the system, automatic code generation, simulation and debugging. AN839:ANALOG MULTIPLE KEY DECODING USING THE ST6-REALIZER Design of a multiple key decoder using the A/D converter present on the ST62 MCU. This note describes how the A/D convertor can be used to reduce the number of I/O lines required for key decoding. Software development is carried out using the ST6-REALIZER, and therefore does not involve writing code in assembly language. AN840:CODED LOCK USING THE ST6-REALIZER Design of a coded security lock. This application uses the EEPROM on the ST62 MCU to store the secret code. Code entry and recognition is performed under software control. Software development is carried out using the ST6-REALIZER, and therefore does not involve writing code in assembly language.

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AN841:A CLOCK DESIGN USING THE ST6-REALIZER Design of a clock system. This note provides an example of time management using the Timer embedded in the ST62 MCU. Current time setting and alarm time setting are carried out under software control. Software development is carried out using the ST6-REALIZER, and therefore does not involve writing code in assembly language. AN842:7 SEGMENT DISPLAY DRIVE USING THE ST6-REALIZER Design of 7-segment driver functions. This note provides an example of the use of lookup tables for conversion or coding purposes. Single digit and multiple digit display applications are described. Software development is carried out using the ST6-REALIZER, and therefore does not involve writing code in assembly language. 1.3.2 HOME APPLIANCE AN885:ST62 MICROCONTROLLERS DRIVE HOME APPLIANCE MOTOR TECHNOLOGY Most domestic appliances are driven by an electric motor; for the most part, these motors are controlled in a simple and rudimentary fashion, and electronics is only now beginning to be applied. This article describes the three main motor families Universal, Induction and Electronically Commutated as well as the relevant electronic control techniques, now possible thanks to the intrinsic characteristics of STMicroelectronics' ST62 Family of microcontrollers. ST62 MCUs, with their wide range of on-chip peripherals, their wide supply voltage range, their built-in ruggedness and their legendary noise immunity allow truly low total system cost, thus favouring the technological advancement of electrical motor design. Basic electrical topologies are described, together with their associated power and signal electronics. The relative strengths and weaknesses are explored, using practical examples, in order to illustrate the advantages of electronic control using ST62 MCUs.

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1.3.3 BATTERY MANAGEMENT Portable equipment is proliferating in the consumer, telecom and home appliance fields. This equipment requires batteries that are powerful, small, environmentally safe and fast to charge. As answers to the diversity of the applications requests, a large variety of technologies of batteries are available on the market. Most of these batteries require a sophisticated control algorithm in order to achieve a fast and safe charge and to maximize the battery life time. A standard ST62 microcontroller loaded with a dedicated program controls the temperature, the peak voltage (V), the dV/dt or the inflexion point of the battery voltage. It ensures that the charging stops when the electrochemical process is finished, once the battery is full and not yet heated-up. Application notes AN417 and AN433 describe in detail the software algorithm and the hardw a r e implementation for the fast charge of such batteries. The note AN433 details the charging in 1/4 hour of NiCd batteries using a (-DeltaV) method. AN417 presents another control technique based on the measurement of the inflexion point of the battery voltage, it is applied to a NiMH battery. These programs can be used as a basis for customizing such as battery discharge, gas gauge, display or an adaptation to other battery types, for instance Alkaline Lithium or Lithium Ion. AN417:FROM NICD TO NIMH FAST BATTERY CHARGING Rechargeable batteries are quickly becoming a major benefit to current lifestyles. They allow such utilities as portable telephones, camcorders, cordless power tools, portable appliances and audio equipment. The charging of Rechargeable batteries often requires to take place in one hour and less for user convenience in applications which discharge rapidly, for example cordless power drills. The optimum fast charging techniques for Nickel Cadmium batteries are well known (please refer to AN433, Fast NiCd Battery Charging using ST6210 MCU), however these techniques are not suitable for the charging of batteries using the more environmentally friendly Nickel Hydride (NiMH) technology. This Application Note shows the differences in the charging of the two technologies and how a Fast Battery Charger compatible with both NiCd and NiMH can be made with the ST6210 MCU. The MCU control shown is able to provide three level charge termination methods for safe charging.

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AN859:AN INTELLIGENT ONE HOUR MULTICHARGER FOR LI-ION, NIMH AND NICD BATTERIES A new intelligent multicharger concept, fully compatible with Li-Ion, NiCd and NiMH battery technology, illustrating the power and flexibility offered by a low-cost industry standard Microcontroller and the ease with which existing designs may be adapted to cater for emerging technologies. A low-cost, high resolution, voltage measurement technique using capacitor charge time is also described. AN1464:LOW-COST DOUBLE LI-ION BATTERY CHARGER USING ST6255C/ST6265C MCU In everyday life, more and more portable electronic appliances, such as mobile phones, are powered by rechargeable batteries with a requirement for high capacity, small size and low weight. Li-ion batteries have been widely used to support these kind of devices due to their superior capacity for a given size and weight. This Application Note explains how to use the ST6255C 8-bit Microcontroller in a cost-effective battery charger for Li-ion batteries, as implemented in the Li-ion Battery Charger Demonstration Board. The design implemented on this Board is easily scaleable to other types of Liion batteries simply by changing the software parameters and primary input voltage/current.

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1.3.4 MOTOR CONTROL Microcontrollers are now commonly used to drive motors.They enable control the speed, the torque or the power on the load. They include safety features and interface to a large variety of sensors. In addition, the flexibility provided by the software enables the adaptation the same device to different types of motors and equipment for a limited cost. ST62 Microcontrollers operate directly on the mains with a minimum of surrounding components thanks to their integrated noise immunity. In addition their embedded A/D converter and their ability to drive directly the power stage simplify the user and power interfacing. Application notes AN392 and AN416 describe Universal motor controls where the power device is a triac. AN392 presents with a practical example of what an ST62 microcontroller can provide in a motor drive in term of control, protection and user interface. AN416 describes how the same control can be slightly adapted to achieve low cost speed compensation of the same motor without a speed sensor. Application note AN414 presents an innovative motor control which enables high volumic power and a large speed variation range. The motor is a DC Permanent Magnet Motor; the Power stage is a Pulse Width Modulation chopper based on an IGBT and the control is achieved by an ST62 Microcontroller which directly interfaces to the analog sensors and the power stage. These circuits can be used in a large variety of applications such as home appliances (washing machine, food processor, drill,...) and industrial systems (pump, light dimmer, alarm,...).

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AN392:MICROCONTROLLER AND TRIACS ON THE 110/240V MAINS Microcontrollers are in common use in most areas of electronics. They now penetrate the very cost sensitive arena of home appliance applications. The demonstration board described in this Application Note shows that enhanced appliances can be designed with fast prototyping time using microcontrollers such as the ST6210. The circuit presented is an enhanced light dimmer operating from the 110/240V mains. It drives incandescent and halogen lamps supplied either directly from the mains or through a low voltage transformer. The same circuit can also drive a universal motor. It includes soft start and protection features. Different user interfaces can be chosen: touch sensor, push button or potentiometer. All this is achieved with only few components: a microcontroller ST6210, a Logic Level or a snubberless triac and some passive components. Additional features like presence detection, IR remote control, homebus interface and motor speed control can be implemented from the existing solution. AN414:CONTROLLING A BRUSH DC MOTOR WITH AN ST6265 MCU Microcontrollers are used more and more in motor drives, most commonly to turn on and off the motor, or to control the triggering angle of a triac, associated with a universal motor. In this paper, the universal motor is replaced by a permanent magnet DC motor, which offers the advantage of yielding a high power in a small volume. The variable speed drive is supplied from the rectified mains voltage, and consists of a chopper driven by a PWM signal generated by the ST6265 microcontroller (MCU). The ST6265 MCU measures the DC supply voltage and adjusts the PWM duty cycle accordingly. So the motor voltage is regulated in case of mains and load variations, the motor speed is adjusted and the motor current ripple is reduced, thus reducing acoustic noise and losses in the motor. This drive also implements a software power limitation, which avoids motor overheating in case of excessive loading. Software flexibility allows to easily modify drive parameters such as maximum power, time constants, etc... The drive principle and practical results are given.

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AN416:SENSORLESS MOTOR DRIVE WITH THE ST62 MCU + TRIAC Home appliance applications require more and more electronic control in order to meet the new requests and constraints of the consumers. Microcontrollers have been typically limited to high end applications because their performance appear to be overrated when related to the functions of the application. In reality, home appliances require microcontrollers which trade closely on the compromise between cost and performance. This Application Note describes how a low cost speed drive is designed with a microcontroller, a triac and an a.c. universal motor. The control of the motor operates with sensorless speed control, based only on a motor current feedback. The example shown is adapted to food processor and to drill applications. AN422:IMPROVES UNIVERSAL MOTOR DRIVE Universal motors are traditionally used in AC current mode of control with a Triac-based control circuit. This provides a low-cost circuit, but has potential drawbacks in high peak to peak current giving poor motor efficiency and high brush temperature leading to a limited motor lifetime. Operation in DC current mode provides a solution to these problems and also the increased efficiency allows a reduction in the size of the motor. Motor noise is also reduced. This Application Note presents three solutions for control of a Universal Motor, in AC and DC current modes with a comparison of the efficiency of each. The modes covered are: AC drive with Triac, DC drive with Triac and rectifier bridge DC drive with an IGBT and rectifier bridge. In all cases the control of the drive is made by a microcontroller, the ST6, with an illustration of the circuit and additional functionality possible. AN863:IMPROVED SENSORLESS CONTROL WITH THE ST62 MCU FOR UNIVERSAL MOTOR T h e universal motor is today the most widely used motor in home appliances (vacuum cleaner, washer, hand tool, food processor...). This note describes a speed regulator without sensor: the speed sensing is per-formed indirectly by the ST6220, low-cost 8-bit microcontroller, measuring the motor current. Performance results are given, which are in line with the need of many home appliances.

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AN1448:HOW TO REDUCE 3RD HARMONICS WITH ST6200C MOTOR CONTROL SOFTWARE Universal motors are widely used in home appliances such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines, power tools and food processors. However, universal motors produce a strong 3rd harmonic current. When the TRIAC conduction is not in full wave mode, the motor current contains high amplitude 3rd harmonics which may not comply with the 3rd harmonics limits set by the IEC61000-3-2 standard. In practice, it is very difficult to comply with the harmonics standard when driving universal motors with a power of more than 1200W. This application note presents an innovative, cost-saving solution for suppressing 3rd harmonic current in the power line. The control principle is based on modulation of the phase angle delay times and is easily implemented in software using a low cost ST6200C microcontroller. The output motor current waveform is modulated so as to suppress specified harmonic components. The efficiency of this method has been proven on a 1500W vacuum cleaner under various load conditions. The measurement of harmonic components and motor power was done with a digital power meter (WT1030). The results show much better harmonic performance than symmetrical phase control methods. AN1449:ST6200C UNIVERSAL MOTOR DRIVE SOFTWARE This application note describes the software of a low-cost phase-angle motor control drive system based on a ST6200C microcontroller and a BTB16-600CW snubberless triac. The application has been developed by STMicroelectronics and is available as a low-cost evaluation board UMC01EVAL.

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1.4 SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION 1.4.1 COST REDUCTION A microcontroller can save cost by itself but also by the external components it can save. The notes presented in this chapter show how to take full advantage of the ST62 flexible I/O pins and A/D converter to decrease the component count and provide enhanced features. AN431 explains how to save pins on the ST62 microcontroller by using only one or two I/O pins which decode a keyboard with the A/D converter. AN594 proposes to use a standard ST62 in a small package to drive LCD displays by modifying the I/O configuration during the operation of the microcontroller. AN672 explains how to optimize the ST62 A/D converter accuracy using a software filter to eliminate the noise coming from the input signal or from the supply. AN673 suggests a simple circuit to reduce the ST62 power consumption when operating with a 32kHz oscillator. AN431:USING ST6 ANALOG INPUTS FOR MULTIPLE KEY DECODING The ST6 on-chip Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is a useful peripheral integrated into the silicon of the ST6 family members. The flexibility of the I/O port structure allows the multiplexing of up to 13/8 Analog Inputs into the converter in a 28/20 pin device for the ST6210/15 2k ROM and ST6220/25 4k ROM families, enabling full freedom in circuit layout. Many other members of the ST6 family also offer the Analog to Digital converter. One of the more novel and practical applications of this converter, is to decode a number of keys. The technique is to connect the keys by resistive voltage dividers to the converter inputs. An example of key detection using 10 keys is illustrated in this note. Using the Analog to Digital converter in this fashion does not require a static current and avoids false key detection.

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AN594:DIRECT SOFTWARE LCD DRIVE WITH ST621X AND ST626X This note describes a technique for driving a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) with a standard ST62 microcontroller, without any dedicated LCD driver. This technique offers a display capability for applications which require a small display at low cost together with the versatile capabilities of the standard ST62xx MCU. Higher display requirements are easily handled by dedicated members of the ST62xx MCU family, for example the ST6240. The first part of this note describes the typical waveforms required to drive an LCD correctly with a multiplexing rate of 1 or 2 (duplex). The following parts present two solutions based on standard ST62 MCUs driving directly the LCD. The first is based on an ST6215 without using software interrupts and the second on an ST6265 where the LCD is controlled by timer interrupts. In both examples the program size, the CPU time occupation due to the LCD drive and the number of surrounding components are minimized. Consequently many additional tasks can be added to the MCU program. AN672:OPTIMIZING THE ST6 A/D CONVERTER ACCURACY When using the internal Analog to Digital Converter of the ST62 family and maximum A/D converter accuracy is required, it is desirable to filter out any noise present on the analog input. This includes also noise present on the ground and Vcc supply lines of the MCU as Vcc is also the voltage reference of the A/D converter. While good supply decoupling with capacitors is always recommended, and placing the ST6 into its WAIT state reduces potential noise induced by the digital switching within the MCU, digital filtering by averaging several successive A/D conversions can improve the accuracy of the conversion. This is the most effective way to get the most accuracy out of the ST6 family A/D converter. The code fragment included with this note demonstrates this digital filtering which gives the best results with a trade-off against the total time for conversion. AN673:REDUCING CURRENT CONSUMPTION AT 32KHZ WITH ST62 In many cases a 32kHz crystal is chosen for the oscillator of the ST62 microcontroller in order to achieve the minimum current consumption in the application. This note provides a technique for minimising the current consumption when using a crystal oscillator at this frequency. This short note should be read in conjunction with Application Note AN670, "Oscillator Selection for the ST62".

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1.4.2 DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS This section suggests ideas on how to expand the usage of ST62 peripherals and how to increase the design safety. AN420 describes a way to expand the A/D converter resolution of the ST62 up to 10 or 12 bits with few external components. AN435 proposes practical examples on how to maximize the ST62 noise immunity. It describes software and hardware solutions applicable in low cost, noisy applications such as power management or automotive. The other notes show with examples how to avoid corruption of I/O pins or misprogramming (AN432), how to ensure a safe reset when the power supply changes (AN669), how to match a crystal or a ceramic resonator to an ST62 oscillator (AN670) and how to prevent EEPROM corruption in case of supply variation (AN671). AN420:EXPANDING A/D RESOLUTION OF THE ST6 A/D CONVERTER Many members of the ST6 Microcontroller Family support an integrated Analog to Digital Converter. This converter allows the analog values produced by external sensors to be converted into digital form to take part in further digital control algorithms. The standard resolution of the ST6 A/D Converter is 8-bit. Occasionally the analog signals provided require a higher resolution to extract the full dynamic range of the input. The solution described in this Application Note provides this higher voltage resolution using only an additional Operational Amplifier and a few resistors. The tradeoff in the approach shown is the total conversion time to reach the required resolution. The technique implemented is that of the Algebraic Adder. A full discussion of the principle of operation is given, with full ST6 source code. AN432:USING ST62XX I/O PORTS SAFELY All members of the ST62 Series of Microcontrollers feature I/O ports with configurable bit functions. In addition many I/O bits may be set as inputs to the on-chip Analog to Digital Converter. This port bit function is in addition to the normal I/O functions of input (with or without internal pull-up resistor), output (open drain or push-pull) or edge/level selectable interrupt input (with pull-up). This flexibility makes the ST62 series suitable for many industrial control applications (and for many other uses). This Application Note explains the architecture of the I/O bit associated with these port functions and provides some indications on the correct use of these features for functions such as keyboard scanning and analog inputs. The correct manner to switch between these function is also demonstrated in order to prevent potential malfunctions in operation.

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AN434:MOVEMENT DETECTOR CONCEPTS FOR NOISY ENVIRONMENTS The sales of movement detectors, which react to human-body temperature, are increasing at a fantastic rate. No Do-it-Yourself shop proposes less than 4 models for sale if it is serious about its image, however the majority of clients are novices who wish to install the system themselves. This installation often causes frustration, partly caused by a lack of knowledge of the operation of the system, but also by the weakness of the products. This weakness can be improved by the use of microcontrollers. Most movement detectors available, whether using discrete components or integrated circuits, have a similar circuit concept. This Application Note shows concepts on how a microcontroller with analog inputs (the ST6210) can replace discrete components and add additional functionality. Cost is not an essential factor, but carries a high prejudice against this concept. As shown, the decision to use a Microcontroller with analog inputs carries a series of advantages, together with its logical functionality. AN435:DESIGNING WITH MICROCONTROLLERS IN NOISY ENVIRONMENTS Microcontrollers (MCU) make possible the design of integrated and flexible controls for a constantly decreasing cost. As a result, they are spreading rapidly among most electronic applications and especially noise sensitive equipments such as for power control or automotive use. An MCU operates with sequential logic, so the control of an application can be lost during a disturbance, as with analog control, but also after a power glitch in the system. In addition, a modern MCU includes several tens of thousands of transistors switching in the MHz range, potentially radiating interference of high magnitude in a large frequency spectrum. Consequently, noise sensitivity and generation have to be considered as early as possible in MCU based designs. This Application note presents numerous methods to effectively reduce noise problems. The first part presents a short overview on noise and proposes hardware solutions to increase the equipment immunity to noise. The second part concerns the writing of software more immune to disturbances. The behaviour versus disturbances of MCUs designed for noisy environments, the ST62 family, is presented. Practical examples and results are shown.

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AN669:SIMPLE RESET CIRCUITS FOR THE ST62 The circuit schematics shown in this Application Note provide examples of reset circuits for the ST62xx microcontrollers. These circuits range from a very simple solution, which is only efficient at power up, to a circuit providing power up and power down monitoring with a delay at power on. When used with the watchdog and a software implementation, an efficient and reliable reset of the ST62 can be made. AN670:OSCILLATOR SELECTION FOR ST62 The purpose of this note is to give indications on how to choose a resonator or a quartz crystal in order to achieve reliable oscillation with the ST62 Microcontroller. This document provides first the major resonator parameters useful for a design. It then proposes measurement methods to ensure a safe oscillation. AN671:PREVENTION OF DATA CORRUPTION IN ST6 ON-CHIP EEPROM The ST6 Microcontroller has been designed to avoid any potential corruption of data programmed into its on-chip EEPROM (when available). Data integrity can be ensured as long as the application designer follows the guidelines provided in this note. In general, EEPROM data corruption occurs whenever the reset signal is not controlled when the power supply goes up or down. This is particularly true with a slow ramp-up and/or slow fall time of the power supply, since the device may be in a supply voltage area when the device functionality is not guaranteed for a long time. If no special care is taken during the power up sequence regarding the reset signal then the microcontroller may start writing into the EEPROM. The same behaviour can be present upon a power down. This note proposes two complementary solutions to prevent these unwanted actions, a software solution and a hardware solution.

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AN911:ST6 MICRO IS EMC CHAMPION Since January 1996, Electro-Magnetic Compliance is required by international law for any electrical equipment that is manufactured including a printed circuit board. As early as 1991, SGS-THOMSON took this change in the law into account when planning the design and manufacture of the ST62 microcontroller family. An EMC environment was installed in the Design, Quality and Engineering center and ST quality standards were enlarged to include EMC performance criteria, with the result that the ST62 microcontrollers meet the EMC standards five years ahead of most 8-bit microcontrollers. This short article describes the characteristics of the ST6 microcontroller in the EMC context and how this benefits the customer. AN975:UPGRADING FROM ST625X/6XB TO ST625X/6XC A s part of a process of continuous improvement, STMicroelectronics has replaced all ST62T5XB and ST62T6XB devices by ST62T5XC and ST62T6XC. This opportunity was taken to include new features such as the Low Voltage Detector (LVD) for safe reset, the Oscillator Safeguard (OSG) and a new RC oscillator. This application note details these new features and draws attention to some precautions that it is mandatory to take when upgrading an application developed with B revision to C revision devices. The first part of the document is related to the silicon itself and the second one to the development tools.

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1.4.3 PERIPHERAL OPERATIONS This chapter explains with practical examples how to use the ST62 Autoreload timer for PWM generation, input capture and PLL generation. AN590:PWM GENERATION WITH ST62 AUTO-RELOAD TIMER This note presents how to use the ST62 8-bit Auto-reload Timer (ARTimer) for the generation of a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal tunable in frequency and duty cycle. Two examples of this are shown, the first with a specific frequency and duty cycle, and the second with the generation of a 30kHz PWM signal with the duty cycle proportional to an analog voltage converted through the on-chip Analog to Digital Converter. An introduction to the generation of PWM using the timer, and the software for the examples are provided. AN591:INPUT CAPTURE WITH ST62 AUTO-RELOAD TIMER This note presents how to use the 8-bit Auto-reload Timer (ARTimer) of the ST62 to measure time duration or frequency of an input signal. The Capture Mode with reset is used to measure the time elapsed between two edges of an input signal: two rising edges, two falling edges, or one rising edge and one falling edge if the configuration of the ARTimer is modified after the first edge is detected. The minimum duration of one signal to measure depends on the microcontroller clock and on the required precision. With an 8MHz quartz crystal, a signal of 8s duration can be measured with a resolution of 1/64. A software example is provided. AN592:PLL GENERATION USING THE ST62 AUTO-RELOAD TIMER This note describes how to generate a digital signal locked in phase and frequency (PLL) with a calibrated delay starting from an active edge on the 8-bit Auto-reload timer (AR Timer) input pin. An example is given for a digital input signal of 15kHz presented to the ARTimer input pin. A phase-locked signal at 15kHz with a falling edge delayed 19s from the input rising edge, and a duty cycle of 75%, is generated. An explanation of the function and software for the function are provided.

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AN593:ST62 IN-CIRCUIT PROGRAMMING This note provides information on the steps required in order to perform in-circuit programming of ST62Exx EPROM or OTP devices for both on-chip EPROM and EEPROM (where available). In-circuit programming is possible if the relevant pins of the programming socket located on the ST62 EPROM Programming tool (either an ST6 Starter Kit, Remote Programming board, or Gang Programmer) are connected to a 16-pin connector (8x2 header), which must be provided on the application by the user. Note: In-circuit programming embedded in program test is not possible. If the EPROM programmer cable is connected to the application, the RESET signal for example is tied to Ground before and after programming. Connections are shown for the ST62E1x/2x, ST62E4x and ST62E6x/E9x and the corresponding OTP devices. AN678:LCD DRIVING WITH ST6240 This application note describes the basic guidelines to achieve a fast and efficient LCD drive application development. The allphanumeric LCD panel of the ST624x Starter-Kit is used as example and more general concerns are highlighted. Hardware and software issues are described to demonstrate the benefits brought about while using a ST62 LCD driver. AN913:PWM GENERATION WITH ST62 16-BIT AUTO-RELOAD TIMER The 16-bit Autoreload timer (ARTimer) is a 16-bit downcounter timer with prescaler. It includes auto-reload PWM, capture and compare capability with two input and two output pins. This note presents how to use the ST62 16-bit Auto-Reload Timer (ARTimer) for generating a DTMF signal (Dual-Tone Multiple Frequency) with the PWM. In the example shown, the PWM output pin generates a DTMF to dial a telephone number. AN914:USING ST626X SPI AS UART This note shows how to use the ST626x SPI to perform UART serial communication. The operating principles and limitations are described. An example is developed for reception and transmission at 9600 baud, however, baud rates up to 19200 can be obtained. The assembly source code of the example is provided.

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AN1016:ST6 USING THE ST623XB/ST628XB UART This brief note describes the problem/solution for managing potential spurious UART interrupts during reset. A short descriptive paragraph outlines the problem. This is followed by a table of values for inserting in the application program covering a range of baud rates. A short assembly code example is provided. AN1050:ST6 INPUT CAPTURE WITH ST62 16-BIT AUTO-RELOAD TIMER This note presents how to use the ST62 16-bit Auto-Reload Timer (ARTimer) to measure durations or frequencies of an input signal. An example shows how to capture an input signal to make an output signal with the same frequency as input signal but with a duty cycle equal to 50%. The ARTimer has a 16-bit downcounter timer with prescaler. It includes auto-reload PWM, capture and compare capability with two input and two output pins. AN1127:USING THE ST62T6XC/5XC SPI IN MASTER MODE To avoid problems when switching from Rev B to Rev C devices, special attention must be paid to the programming of the I/O port Data Direction Register when using the SPI in master mode. In Rev B devices, the SPI functions in master mode without depending on whether the DDR bit for the I/O port pin (PC4) used for the SCK is set or reset (programmed as input or output). In Rev C devices, the DDR bit has to be programmed as INPUT (left at the reset value). AN1447:SOFTWARE DRIVER FOR 4-MULTIPLEXED LCD WITH A STANDARD ST62 This note describes a technique for driving a 4-multiplexed Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) with a standard ST62 microcontroller (MCU), without any dedicated LCD driver peripheral. This technique offers a display capability for applications which require a small display at a low cost together with the versatile capabilities of the standard ST62xx MCU.

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2 ST7 FAMILY
2.1 APPLICATION EXAMPLES AN1658:SERIAL NUMBERING IMPLEMENTATION It is common practice to give each appliance a unique serial number or identification number. This serial number can be located in external memory, for example in EEPROM, but it can also be programmed, along with the MCU software inside the MCU program memory array. In some cases, this serial number must remain secret and unreadable by external devices. In other cases, it must be readable from the MCU by a remote PC through DDC lines or by any other way of the manufacturer's choice. This application note provides all the technical details on both the software and tools sides of how to implement such a serial numbering technique. Some hints have been taken from the on-line help of the STVP7 Visual Programming software tool. C language examples are provided, ready to be added to the source code if compiled with a Metrowerks C Compiler (any version: old Hiware, Panta or Codewarrior), but could be ported to other C compilers as well. The examples are fitted for the ST7FLCD1 MCU, but can be applied to any other MCU with minorchanges. AN1755:A HIGH RESOLUTION / PRECISION THERMOMETER USING ST7 AND NE555 The goal of this application note is to present a realistic example of a thermometer using an ST7 and an NE555. The NE555 is operating in the a-stable mode. Its frequency is controlled by the resistance changes of a NTC-thermistor. The frequency, as well as the duty cycle, are measured by the ST7 timer. The NE555 output is connected to the timer input capture pin. AN1756:CHOOSING A DALI IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGYWITH ST7DALI This application note describes how to choose a DALI (Digital Adressable Lighting Interface) implementation strategy using the ST7DALI microcontroller. As well as presenting topology options, this document also gives an introduction to the DALI standard with a description of the protocol and a list of advantages.

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AN1812: A HIGH PRECISION, LOW COST, SINGLE SUPPLY ADC FOR POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INPUT VOLTAGES In general the ADC embedded in the ST7 microcontroller is enough for most applications. But, in some cases it is necessary to measure both positive and negative voltages. This requires an external ADC with this particular capability. Most external ADCs require a dual supply to be able to do this. However, microcontroller-based applications usually only have a positive supply available. This application note describes a technique for implementing an ADC for measuring both positive and negative input voltages while operating from a single (positive) supply. This converter is based on a Voltage-to-time Conversion technique. Like other slope converters, this ADC also uses an Integrating Capacitor, but the measured time is inversely proportional to the input voltage. An additional comparator with a voltage reference is used to improve conversion accuracy.

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2.2 EXAMPLE DRIVERS AN969:SCI COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ST7 AND PC This document presents a standard communications interface between a ST7 microcontroller and a PC. This communication is done through the ST7 SCI peripheral and a serial port of the PC using the RS232 protocol. AN970:SPI COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ST7 AND EEPROM The goal of this application note is to present a practical example of communication using the SPI peripheral of the ST7. It shows an easy way of communicating between a ST7 microcontroller and a M95xxx SPI EEPROM. The purpose is to perform, through SPI, a write in the memory, followed by a read of the written data. AN971:I²C COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ST7 AND M24CXX EEPROM The goal of this application note is to present an practical example of communication using the I²C peripheral of the ST7. It shows a basic single master communication between a ST7 microcontroller and an M24Cxx I²C bus EEPROM. The purpose is to implement, from the ST7 through the I²C interface, a write and a read to the external EEPROM without error manageme nt. AN972:ST7 SOFTWARE SPI MASTER COMMUNICATION This application note presents a basic software driver for emulating SPI full duplex communication in master mode using the ST7 standard I/O ports. The principles of the SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) are briefly introduced and an algorithm for 8-bit full duplex communication is described. A source assembly listing is provided at the end of the document. AN973:SCI SOFTWARE COMMUNICATION WITH A PC USING ST72251 16-BIT TIMER The Serial Communication Interface (SCI) offers a flexible means of full-duplex data exchange with external equipment requiring an industry standard NRZ asynchronous serial data format. This document shows how to emulate SCI communication by software, using the ST7 timer. The application presented is for RS232 communication between an ST7 microcontroller and a PC. Initialization, interrupts and receive and transmit routines are described with the aid of diagrams and flowcharts. A source assembly listing is provided at the end of the document.

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AN974:REAL TIME CLOCK WITH THE ST7 TIMER OUTPUT COMPARE This note explains how to use the ST7 Timer output compare function. The application example presents a real time clock with second, minute and hour counters based on a fixed time base. Flowcharts describe hardware configuration, initialization and register updating procedures. A source assembly code listing is given at the end of the document. AN976:DRIVING A BUZZER USING THE ST7 PWM FUNCTION This "musical" application describes how to use the ST7 PWM to generate synthesized music using a buzzer. The document covers musical score, note duration and tone generation and volume control. A source assembly listing is provided at the end of the document. AN979:DRIVING AN ANALOG KEYBOARD WITH THE ST7 ADC This application note presents a standard example of the use of the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) of the ST7. The ST7 on-chip ADC is used to emulate a 16-key analog keyboard. The hardware interfacing techniques are outlined in the first part of the document and the software is described by means of flowcharts. An assembler source listing is given at the end of the document. AN980:ST7 KEYPAD DECODING TECHNIQUES, IMPLEMENTING WAKE-UP ON KEYSTROKE The goal of this application note is to present an example of the use of ST7 HALT mode. In this application, the MCU (here a ST72251) is woken up by an external interrupt caused by pressing a key on the 4x4 matrixed keypad. AN1017:USING THE ST7 USB MICROCONTROLLER The ST7 USB interface is a Universal Serial Bus peripheral that provides a means of connecting a PC peripheral serving as a function to a PC host. It supports low speed data transfers. This application note describes an example firmware for interaction with the USB interface hardware and support interactions between a USB device and a host system. The associated source code of the firmware is available. AN1041:USING ST7 PWM SIGNAL TO GENERATE ANALOG OUTPUT (SINUSOID) This note shows how to use the ST7 PWM/BRM to generate a 50Hz sinusoïd that can be tuned both in average and amplitude. This application has been done using an ST72511R4.

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AN1042:ST7 ROUTINE FOR I²C SLAVE MODE MANAGEMENT This application note presents a useful example of communication using the I²C peripheral of the ST7. The ST7 microcontroller is used as a slave and can communicate with any master. This slave, through the I²C interface, receives words from the master implementing error management and returns them. This application has been implemented with a ST72E251 and using 7-bit addressing mode. AN1044:MULTIPLE INTERRUPT SOURCES MANAGEMENT FOR ST7 MCUS The goal of this application note is to present a technique for managing several external I/O interrupts with a member of the ST7 series of MCUs (here a ST72251). AN1045:ST7 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF I²C BUS MASTER This application note implements an I2C communications software interface that can be used in any general-purpose ST7 device without specific I2C on-chip peripheral hardware. The program is written in C language. It implements the I2C master transmitter and master receiver functions. The ST7 acts as the bus master and communicates via the I2C bus to a slave EEPROM device. AN1046:ST7 UART EMULATION SOFTWARE All members of the STMicroelectronics ST7 Series of Microcontrollers feature a 16 bit timer with several possibilities such as output compares and input captures. This note describes a technique for emulating an RS232 UART with the ST7 timer without any additional hardware. Only two pins are required for the serial communication. The first part of this note will explain the protocol used for serial communication and how to adapt it for the ST7 timer. The other sections of this note describe more precisely how the program deals with transmitter mode and receiver mode. Timings are used to illustrate the important points. The user can easily adapt the example to his own application as only a small amount of code is required by the UART program. The software was tested by connecting a ST72251 to the serial port of a PC and communicating in all possible modes. AN1047:MANAGING RECEPTION ERRORS WITH THE ST7 SCI PERIPHERAL This application note provides guidelines for managing communication errors with the ST7 Serial Communications Peripheral (SCI) in reception mode. It describes how the ST7 SCI peripheral works when errors occur. A explanation is given of how to interpret the various error flags and to determine if the received byte is corrupted or not. An example interrupt service routine written in assembly language is provided at the end of the document.

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AN1048:ST7 SOFTWARE LCD DRIVER This note describes a technique for driving Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) with any standard ST7 Microcontroller (MCU) i.e without any specific on-chip LCD driver hardware. This technique offers a solution for applications which require a display at low cost together with the versatile capabilities of the standard ST72 MCU. This note also provides a technique to control the LCD contrast through software. AN1078:ST7 TIMER PWM DUTY CYCLE SWITCH FOR TRUE 0% OR 100% DUTY CYCLE This application note presents a program that uses the 16-bit timer of the ST7 in PWM output mode. The program can be used to perform a hot switch from one duty cycle to another and obtain a true fixed period and true duty cycle percentage values between 0% and 100%. The example program has been developed for the ST7GP family (ST72251G1 and G2). AN1082:DESCRIPTION OF THE ST72141 MOTOR CONTROL PERIPHERAL REGISTERS The ST72141 is designed for controlling Brushless Permanent Magnet DC motors with or without sensors. The motor control is performed by the hardware of the on-chip Motor Control peripheral (MTC). The MTC is functionally divided into four parts. Zero-crossing and End of Demagnetisation detector Delay manager PWM manager Channel manager AN1083:ST72141 BLDC MOTOR CONTROL SOFTWARE AND FLOWCHART EXAMPLE T h e software examples described in this application note are those generated by the ST7MTC1 Kanda kit. 80% of the code is generic, the remaining 20% is specific to the implementation of the ST72141 in the ST7MTC1 kit (user interface and communication). The purpose of this application note is to give the flowcharts of the software examples showing how to drive the motor in both current and voltage modes and give examples of open loop or closed loop speed regulation. The software examples given in the file attached with this Application note illustrate Current mode and closed loop driving mode for a 4-pole BLDC motor.

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AN1105: ST7 PCAN PERIPHERAL DRIVER The Controller Area Network (CAN) norm defines a fast and robust serial bus protocol, suited for local networking of intelligent devices such as microcontrollers, sensors and actuators. It is now widely used, mostly in the automotive domain, but also for home automation and industrial equipment control. Several members of the ST7 MCU family have a built-in CAN peripheral named pCAN, which allows them to be used as nodes in a CAN network. A software driver provided is by ST to help you start designing and writing applications using the ST7 pCAN cell. The purpose of the following application note is to explain to you how to use the driver, and how it works. Thus, you can either build your software from the provided files, or modify them to meet specific needs. AN1129:PWM MANAGEMENT FOR BLDC MOTOR DRIVES USING THE ST72141 Brushless DC motors are efficient, quiet and can provide a very high starting torque, this is partly due to the built-in permanent magnet. For these reasons they are used more and more in a large range of applications like hard disk drives, fans, pumps, compressors, etc... However brushless DC motors run properly only as synchronous motors: they need electronic circuitry to run, including rotor position sensors, switching devices and a control unit. In most cases the switching devices are MOSFET transistors or IGBTs and are organized in a three-phase bridge with free-wheeling diodes. Traditionally Hall sensors are used by the control unit to detect rotor position before changing motor coil to which the power applied. STMicroelectronics has introduced the ST72141 microcontroller which is based on an industry standard architecture and is especially designed for driving BLDC motors. One of the major advantages of the ST72141 is that, without using sensors, it is capable of controlling motors precisely by reading the Back Electromotive Force (BEMF). Instead of using expensive Hall sensors, three resistors connecting the three windings directly to the ST72141 input ports, provide the microcontroller with the rotor position information. The microcontroller replaces the standard control unit and the rotor position sensors. However, the ST72141 can be used with sensors as well. Although using sensorless mode has big advantages in terms of cost and size, it makes the motor drive a little bit more complicated. The purpose of this application note is to explain in which cases the ST72141 motor control unit can directly read the BEMF voltage and how to quickly set up its control registers in order to use all the advanced features of this product.

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AN1130:AN INTRODUCTION TO SENSORLESS BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR DRIVE APPLICATIONS WITH THE ST72141 Electric motors are an essential component of our industrialised society with no less than 5 billion motors built world wide every year. Brushless DC motors are already used in hard disk drives and many industrial applications, and their market share is growing significantly in automotive, appliance and industrial applications. The ST72141 has been developed by STMicroelectronics to control synchronous motors or, more specifically, 3-phase brushless DC motors. The most common applications of this type of motor are industrial control, automotive equipment, refrigerators, air conditioners, compressors and fans, where brushless DC motors are already used due to their high efficiency, silent operation, compact form, reliability and longevity. The ST72141 devices are members of the ST7 microcontroller family designed specifically for motor control applications and including A/D converter and SPI interface capabilities. They include an on-chip peripheral for control of electric brushless DC motor either in sensor or sensorless mode. AN1148:USING THE ST7263 FOR DESIGNING A USB MOUSE This application note describes the implementation of a cost-effective USB Mouse using the ST7263 microcontroller. A detailed description of low-consumption power management mode (resume mode) is given in section 5. ST provides a complete architecture as well as firmware drivers to help you develop your application. A list of reference documents is provided at the end of the application note. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the ST7263 microcontroller and USB. AN1149:HANDLING SUSPEND MODE ON A USB MOUSE All USB devices must support Suspend mode. Suspend mode enables the devices to enter low-power mode if no bus activity is detected for more than 3.0 ms. Like USB keyboards and pointing devices, USB mice must be able to exit Suspend mode if a button has been pressed or if a movement has been detected. This feature is called Remote wake-up mode. A Remote wake-up involves a Resume sequence on the USB lines and recovery of communication between the mouse and the host. The following application note describes the implementation of Suspend and Remote wake-up modes on a USB mouse using the ST7263 microcontroller. The first chapter focuses on the recommendations before entering Suspend mode. Then a description of the RC external circuit for handling Remote wake-up mode is detailed. It contains power management recomm en da t i on s and RC value proposals. The third chapter describes Resume mode. Then chapter 4 and chapter 5 describe software implementation and program flow. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the ST7263 microcontroller and USB.

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AN1180:USING THE ST7263 KIT TO IMPLEMENT A USB GAME PAD The game pad described in this application note is a low speed, self powered device. It has digital and analog capabilities for the X and Y axes, and includes 10 buttons and two motors for vibration. In order to demonstrate the use of the ST7263 microcontroller, we adapted this game pad to the ST7263 demo kit to make a USB game pad, with USB mouse and hotkey functions. This application uses the key features of the ST7263 USB microcontroller, the analog converter, the 3 USB Endpoints (control Endpoint, interrupt IN, interrupt OUT) and PWM capabilities with the two output compare waveforms on Port A. The source code of the software described on this application note is available from ST. As with other USB devices, Endpoint 0 is the control Endpoint used for device enumeration. Endpoint 1 is an interrupt IN Endpoint, this allows the device to send data to the PC. This Endpoint is shared using the reportID capabilities specific to the HID class. In this case, the first byte sent to the PC is the reportID number. In this demo application we use three reportIDs: reportID number 1 is used for the game pad data reportID number 2 is used for the mouse data reportID number 3 for the hotkey function Endpoint 2 is an interrupt OUT Endpoint to send data from the PC to the device. This Endpoint is used to control the motors for the vibration feature. AN1276:BLDC MOTOR START ROUTINE FOR THE ST72141 MICROCONTROLLER The ST72141 microcontroller has been designed by STMicroelectronics to control BLDC motors in sensor and sensorless modes with a patented method for detecting the back-electromotive force zero-crossing event (see Application Note AN1130). The purpose of this document is to describe the motor start-up routine for the ST72141 microcontroller.

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AN1321:USING THE ST72141 MOTOR CONTROL MCU IN SENSOR MODE The ST72141K microcontroller is especially designed for Brushless DC Motor Control applications due to its following features: Motor Control Unit (MTC), that can be seen as a Pulse Width Modulator multiplex on six output channels, Back Electromotive Force (B-EMF) Zero-Crossing-Detector for sensorless control of permanent magnet direct current brushless motors. The MTC is designed for sensorless control but can also easily support the use of sensors (generally, Hall-effect sensors) which may be useful for very low-speed or positioning applications. The purpose of this Application Note is to describe how to initialize the motor control unit in order to run a given motor equipped with Hall-effect sensors. This application note is divided into different segments with code examples given in Assembly language. AN1325:USING THE ST7 USB LOW-SPEED FIRMWARE V4.X This application note describes how to use the ST7 USB Low-Speed firmware V4.x. This firmware, written in C, using the Cosmic compiler, provides a complete USB protocol layer for low-speed USB microcontrollers (such as the ST7261, ST7262 and ST7263). The source code is available free to STMicroelectronics customers. AN1445:USING THE ST7 SPI TO EMULATE A 16-BIT SLAVE This application note describes how to emulate a 16-bit slave SPI using an ST7 microcontroller with an on-chip 8-bit SPI.

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AN1475:DEVELOPING AN ST7265X MASS STORAGE APPLICATION This application note describes how to develop a USB Mass Storage application using an ST7265x microcontroller. The proposed solution includes a generic USB Mass Storage Layer (MSL) compliant with the USB Mass Storage Class that can be used for all types of storage media (FLASH memory cards, hard disk drive, etc.) and a dedicated Media Access Layer (MAL) add-in for each type of storage media. The MSL and the MAL modules are available to ST customers on request. Contact your ST sales office to obtain the ST7265 Mass Storage software. The MSL and the MAL must be considered as function libraries and therefore cannot be modified by the user. The software interfaces of these function libraries provide the user with the required flexibility for designing his application: type and number of media, insertion/withdrawal management, protection management, user interface. Note that the MAL requires the use of certain fixed MCU pins to interface with the various mediums. As a result, a specific application hardware configuration is required when using the MAL. AN1504:STARTING A PWM SIGNAL DIRECTLY AT HIGH LEVEL USING THE ST7 16-BIT TIMER The 16-bit timer is a standard peripheral of the ST7 microcontroller family. This peripheral can be used for a variety of purposes, including pulse length measurement of up to two input signals (input capture feature) or generation of up to two output waveforms (output compare and PWM mode). This application note is about using the PWM mode of the standard 16 bit timer. It explains how to synchronize the PWM signal output. In other words, how to make sure it outputs a high state when the counter restarts after it has been stopped (for any reason) or simply when it starts at the beginning of the application. In some applications, like motor control, it may be essential to output the high level part of the signal duty cycle when the counter is started. AN1602:16-BIT TIMING OPERATIONS USING ST7262 OR ST7263B MCUS This Application Note describes how to use the ST7262 or ST7263B for 16-bit timing operations. The intention of this document is to show how to perform pulse measurement and PWM generation using the different timers available on each microcontroller type.

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AN1633:DEVICE FIRMWARE UPGRADE (DFU) IMPLEMENTATION IN NON-USB APPLICATIONS This application note describes how to implement the Device Firmware Upgrade (DFU) capability using a ST7 USB microcontroller like the ST72F62 or ST72F63B in a general purpose or `non-USB' application. The term 'non-USB' is used here to contrast with `USB application' which has a different DFU implementation (refer to AN1577). In the implementation described here, the USB interface is not used in the application. The application board is self powered and the on-chip USB interface is only used occasionally, as a maintenance utility port to upgrade the MCU firmware. AN1712:GENERATING A HIGH RESOLUTION SINEWAVE USING ST7 PWMART The purpose of this application note is to present a software technique for generating a high resolution sinewave using ST7 PWMART, tunable in frequency and average amplitude. This application has been implemented using the ST72321J9 microcontroller. The PWMART (Autoreload timer peripheral embedded in the microcontroller) is used to generate a PWM signal and this PWM signal is then filtered by low pass filter (simple RC circuit) to generate a sinewave. AN1713:SMBUS SLAVE DRIVER FOR ST7 I2C PERIPHERAL The goal of this application note is to implement the SMBus slave protocol using ST7 I2C. The software of this application performs all SMBus bus protocols mentioned in SMBus v1.1. The device chosen here is ST72F264 which has multi-master I2C capability. The program described in this application note is in C language. The driver is compatible with Metrowerks and Cosmic compilers. AN1753:SOFTWARE UART USING ST7 12-BIT AUTORELOAD TIMER This application note describes a software implementation of a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART). This can be used on devices, like the ST7LITE0, with no on-chip SCI peripheral. AN1947:ST7MC PMAC SINE WAVE MOTOR CONTROL SOFTWARE LIBRARY This application note describes a 3-phase synchronous permanent magnet motor control software library developed for the ST7MC drive with sinusoidal waveform. The ST7MC microcontroller contains a peripheral dedicated to 3-phase brushless motor control, making it suitable for AC induction motors and permanent magnet DC/AC motors (PMDC/PMAC, also called BLDC).

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2.3 PRODUCT EVALUATION AN910:ST7 AND ST9 PERFORMANCE BENCHMARKING STMicroelectronics has developed a set of test routines related to 8-bit and low-end 16-bit microcontroller applications to evaluate computing performance and interrupt processing performance of microcontroller cores. These routines have been implemented on ST7 and ST9 Microcontroller Units (MCUs) as well as several MCUs available on the market. The routines have been written in assembler language to optimize their implementation and focus on core performance, without being dependent upon compiler code transformation. For each test, the two parameters of interest are execution time and code size. Timings have been either measured whenever possible, or theoretically calculated when there was no other alternative. In most cases, programs have really run and execution times have actually been measured, so that assembly sources should not contain implementation errors and results can be considered as correct and reliable. The results of this study point out the capability of the ST9+ to compete with 16-bit MCUs on 8-bit and low-end 16-bit applications and confirms its position of high-end 8/16-bit MCU. It also confirms the ST7 as an outstanding 8-bit MCU. AN990:ST7 BENEFITS VERSUS INDUSTRY STANDARD This note presents, from the application developer's point of view, the main advantages of the ST7 core over the corresponding industry standard architecture in terms of application cost, speed and flexibility. The ST7 enhancements discussed include the Y Index register, Indirect memory access mode, Stack pointer access, PUSH/POP instructions, SWAP instruction and interrupt vectors. AN1077:OVERVIEW OF ENHANCED CAN CONTROLLERS FOR ST7 AND ST9 MCUS Automotive body network requirements have changed significantly in the last few years due to the introduction of OSEK and the increasing number of ECUs. 8-bit microcontrollers are and will stay widely used in a majority of automotive body applications. While a wide variety of powerful CAN controllers are available on the market for 16- and 32-bit microcontrollers, 8-bit microcontrollers still need too much CPU time for CAN communication management. This application note presents a new generation of CAN controllers optimized for 8-bit microcontrollers and designed to meet the needs of body applications.

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AN1086:ST7 / ST10 U435 CAN-DO SOLUTIONS FOR CAR MULTIPLEXING Replacing a classical harness with a multiplexing (mux) network makes cars more competitive as it increases their flexibility and simplifies the wiring. CAN is the leading protocol for car mux systems thanks to its large speed spectrum and noise immunity. But each application has specific constraints in terms of protocol, cost and performance. So a single node architecture does not fit all the needs. This article compares first of all, the major car mux protocols: CAN, J1850 and SCI/UART. The second part describes optimized nodes including microcontrollers (ST725x, ST92F120, ST10F167) with embedded FLASH/ROM and physical line interfaces (U435). Then it presents roadmaps for MCU cores, embedded FLASH memories and super-integrations. AN1150:BENCHMARK ST72 VS PC16 This document presents the results of a competitive analysis between the STMicroelectonics ST72254 and the Microchip PIC16F876. These two microcontrollers (MCUs) have been chosen for comparison because they are in a similar performance category and were introduced on the market at the same time. The comparison of the two MCUs is divided into two major parts. First the cores, with a comparison of their architecture including performance benchmarks. These benchmarks are based on assembler and C routines that are representative of typical microcontroller applications. The second part examines the peripherals in terms of their functionality and to what extent they off-load the core and the driver software. Finally, you will find a table summarizing the weak and the strong points of each MCU. Two files are appended to this document, you can find them in our Web server (mcu.st.com) in the application note section. The first one entitled "Performance comparison between ST72254 and PIC16F876" includes the results given in this document plus the description of the source and the compilation options used. This file was created in order to allow you to easily reproduce the benchmark. The second file regroups all the source files used. The information on the PIC16F876 is based on the Microchip datasheet: DS30292A.PDF

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AN1151:PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BETWEEN ST72254 & PC16F8 STMicroelectronics has developed two sets of test routines related to 8-bit and low-end 16-bit microcontroller applications to evaluate the computing performance of microcontroller cores. These routines have been implemented on ST72254 and PIC16F876 Microcontroller Units. The first set of routines has been written in assembler language to optimize their implementation and focus on core performance, without being dependent upon compiler code transformation. The second set tries to evaluate the performance of the two MCUs and their respective C compilers. This benchmark uses a C language program, representative of an automotive application. The C compilers used were from Hiware on the ST72 and from Hi-Tech on the PIC16. The speed of the two MCUs has been compared in two ways: Firstly, at the maximum frequency commercially available on each MCU. this means at an external frequency of 16MHz on the ST72 and of 20MHz on the PIC16. Secondly, at the same current consumption level (10mA). * this value is determined by interpolation As we can see, to reach the same consumption level on the two MCUs, the PIC's running frequency must be lowered to 10Mhz (ext.) and the ST72 can keep its maximum frequency of 16MHz (ext.). AN1278: LIN (LOCAL INTERCONNECT NETWORK) SOLUTIONS Many mechanical components in the automotive sector have been replaced or are now being replaced by intelligent mechatronical systems. A lot of wires are needed to connect these components. To reduce the amount of wires and to handle communications between these systems, many car manufacturers have created different bus systems that are incompatible with each other. In order to have a standard sub-bus, car manufacturers in Europe have formed a consortium to define a new communications standard for the automotive sector. The new bus, called LIN bus, was invented to be used in simple switching applications like car seats, door locks, sun roofs, rain sensors, mirrors and so on.

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2.4 PRODUCT MIGRATION AN1131:MIGRATING APPLICATIONS FROM ST72511/311/214/124 TO ST72521/321/324 This application note provides information on migrating ST72511/311R, 314N, 314/124J applications to the ST72521/321R, 321/324J family. The ST72521/321R, 321/324J family is designed and manufactured in a more recent technology. AN1322:MIGRATING AN APPLICATION FROM ST7263 REV.B TO ST7263B This application note provides information on migrating existing ST7263 Rev. B based applications to the new ST7263B. This document: describes the different steps required to upgrade your design environment so as to support the ST7263B, lists the device differences that must be taken into account when porting device firmware. AN1365:GUIDELINES FOR MIGRATING ST72C254 APPLICATIONS TO ST72F264 This application note provides information on using ST72264 new series in an application originally designed for the ST72254, 215, 216, 104 series. AN1604:HOW TO USE ST7MDT1-TRAIN WITH ST72F264 This application note describes how to upgrade the ST7MDT1-TRAIN originally designed for the ST72C254 and its subsets (in SDIP32), to be compatible with the ST72F264 and its subsets (also in SDIP32 package).The modifications described in this application note still allow to use the board with the ST72C254. For more information concerning the general differences between these two products, please refer to the application note AN1365. AN1752:ST72324 QUICK REFERENCE NOTE The purpose of this document is to give you a basic understanding of the ST72324 and to help you quickly get started with developing your application. It also highlights important aspects of the ST72324 that you should not overlook when reading the datasheet. Section 1 gives an overview of the key benefits of the device. Sections 2 and 3 contain helpful pointers to help you choose the right tool for the development environment and start working with ST72324. In each section of this application note, you will find many useful technical tips to help you make the most of the ST72324 features in your design.

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AN2197:GUIDELINES FOR MIGRATING ST72F324 & ST72F321APPLICATIONS TO ST72F324B, ST72F321B OR ST72F325 This application note provides information on using ST72F321B, ST72F324B and ST72F325 microcontroller devices in applications originally designed for the ST72F324 and ST72F321 series. AN2200:GUIDELINES FOR MIGRATING ST7LITE1X APPLICATIONS TO ST7FLITE1XB This application note provides information on migrating ST7FLITE1x-based applications to ST7FLITE1xB.

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2.5 PRODUCT OPTIMIZATION AN982:USING CERAMIC RESONATORS WITH THE ST7 The goal of this application note is to show, using results obtained by Murata, that ceramic resonators can be used instead of quartz crystals. Ceramic resonators are cheaper than quartz crystals and as some resonators have built-in capacitors, so they allow you to use less components. The results described here have been obtained for the ST72251 but are also available for ST72101, ST72121, ST72212, ST72213, ST72221, ST72331 and ST72311. AN1014:HOW TO MINIMIZE THE ST7 POWER CONSUMPTION This document presents a way of minimising the ST7 power consumption for low power applications. This note is based on the ST72311, but is applicable to all ST7 general purpose devices. Use of ST7 Slow mode, Wait Mode and Halt mode is discussed and tables with examples of power consumption measurements are given. AN1040:MONITORING THE VBUS SIGNAL FOR USB SELF-POWERED DEVICES One of the USB Compliance Checklist for Peripherals items asks the following question: "Is the device's pull-up active only when VBUS is high?". This item refers to chapter 7.1.5 "Device Speed Identification" of the USB Specification. It is mentioned that "the voltage source on the pull-up resistor must be derived from or controlled by the power supplied on the USB cable such that when VBUS is removed, the pull-up resistor does not supply current on the data line to which it is attached" This applies only to self-powered devices where power does not come from VBUS. AN1070:ST7 CHECKSUM SELFCHECKING CAPABILITY The goal of this application note is to present a software technique for determining if data and program in EPROM have been corrupted and if so not to run the user's program. The program described in this application note has been written for the ST7GP family (ST72101G1 and G2, ST72121J2, ST72212G2, ST72213G1, ST72251G1 and G2, ST72311N2 and ST72331N2). In this application, we chose to use a ST72251G2. AN1324:CALIBRATING THE RC OSCILLATOR OF THE ST7FLITE0 MCU USING THE MAINS The purpose of this application note is to present a software solution using the frequency of the European standard mains (220V/50Hz) as a timebase to adjust the internal RC oscillator of the ST7FLITE0 to 1 MHz (1%). The same approach can also be used for the US mains standard (110V/60Hz).

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AN1477:EMULATED DATA EEPROM WITH XFLASH MEMORY When the data EEPROM is not available in a ST7 device, it can be emulated by the XFlash memory with some restrictions. This Application Note describes how to emulate this feature with a ST72F264 device and the restrictions this emulation implies. Data EEPROM can be emulated in all XFlash devices (all Lite, ST72F344, ....). AN1502:EMULATED DATA EEPROM WITH ST7 HDFLASH MEMORY When the data EEPROM is not available in a ST7 device, it can be emulated by the HDFlash memory with some restrictions. This Application Note describes how to emulate this feature with a ST72F521 device and the restrictions this emulation implies. Data EEPROM can be emulated in all HDFlash devices. As HDFlash is a dual voltage FLASH memory, the 12-volt programming voltage must be provided on the application board (a pull-down on ICPSEL on the application board is advised). AN1529:EXTENDING THE CURRENT & VOLTAGE CAPABILITY ON THE ST7265 VDDF SUPPLY The ST7265 features a VDDF pin to make it easier to interface between the its own MCU supply (VDD) and external devices with a lower voltage supply. This VDDF pin can be used as a selectable 2.4 to 3.6V power supply to external devices and to supply some of the ST7265 I/Os: consequently, a device supplied by the VDDF pin can interface with the ST7265 directly without any electrical voltage adaptation. In some cases, the programmable voltage values or the current capability of the embedded regulator may not match the application needs. An alternative solution is required. This application note describes two such solutions, based on practical implementations: A 3.3V/500mA power supply for driving a Microdrive Storage media on the ST7265x_EVAL/MS "5in1" USB Mass Storage evaluation board from STMicroelectronics.

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AN1530:ACCURATE TIMEBASE FOR LOW-COST ST7 APPLICATIONS WITH INTERNAL RC OSCILLATOR The ST7 microcontroller contains an internal RC oscillator, which may vary due to internal component variation depending upon the surrounding conditions. This can lead to the wrong calculation of the timing for the different peripherals like Timers, SCI etc. Timing calculation for the peripheral can be done based on the internal RC frequency given in the datasheet, but due to the variations in internal RC frequency from component to component, this leads to wrong timing results in the application. The purpose of this application note is to present a software solution for accurate timing by calibrating the internal peripheral parameters against the variation of the internal RC oscillator. This note focuses on ST7 MCUs with a non-calibrated RC. A 50 Hz, 5 V source is applied as a reference frequency to find the real internal RC oscillator frequency. The deviation of the internal frequency with respect to the datasheet frequency is applied to correct the peripheral parameter values to obtain timing accuracy. This solution provides an innovative way to compensate the internal RC oscillator variation and to develop low cost applications. AN1605:USING AN ACTIVE RC TO WAKEUP THE ST7LITE0 FROM POWER SAVING MODE This application note investigates the power consumption during the operation of a typical application which puts the MCU (ST7Lite0) in HALT mode and wakes it up at regular intervals by an external interrupt generated by an active RC circuit. It also lists the typical consumption values and the parameters on which this consumption depends. AN1636:UNDERSTANDING AND MINIMIZING ADC CONVERSION ERRORS The purpose of this document is to explain the different ADC errors and the techniques that application developers can use to minimise them. The ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) is an important peripheral that connects the analog world to the digital world of microcontrollers. In this application note the ADC embedded in the ST7 microcontroller is used as an example, however the same principles to apply to other ADCs.

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AN1946:SENSORLESS BLDC MOTOR CONTROL AND BEMF SAMPLING METHODS WITH ST7MC Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motors are replacing brush motors in numerous applications as they offer significant energy efficiency improvements, lower acoustic noise and better reliability to name a few advantages. To be driven and controlled properly, 3-phase Permanent magnet Brushless motors require a 3 half bridge "inverter" topology to deliver a 6-step or sine wave signal. They also require the electronic commutation of motor phases to respect the synchronization between statoric flux and the permanent magnet of the rotor. Generally, a BLDC motor drive uses one or more sensors giving positional information to keep synchronization. Such implementation results in a higher drive cost due to sensor wiring and implementation in the motor. Moreover, sensors cannot be used in applications where the rotor is in closed housing and the number of electrical entries must be kept to a minimum such as in a compressor, or in applications where the motor is immersed in a liquid such as some pumps. Therefore, for cost and technical reasons, the BLDC sensorless drive is an essential capability of a brushless motor controller. The ST7MC allows various implementations of sensorless BLDC control with the lowest possible system cost while maintaining the highest performance. This paper describes in detail these topologies, their advantages and drawbacks, as well as their practical implementation. Most of the examples in this paper make use of the ST7MCKIT/BLDC Starter kit which allows easy implementation of most topologies described. AN1953:PFC FOR ST7MC STARTER KIT The aim of this Application Note is to give an example of how to use the ST7MC microcontroller to implement the Power Factor Correction (PFC) inside a motor control application. The ST7MC microcontroller is provided with a Motor Control Peripheral which has been developed to implement motor control function for Induction motors and Permanent Magnet Synchronous motors. The motor control peripheral leaves the microcontroller resources free to perform the power factor correction. AN1971:ST7LITE0 MICROCONTROLLED BALLAST Demand for flexibility is increasing in new ballast applications. If a designer can use the same ballast with different tube lamp wattages and types, savings can be made reducing logistic costs. The aim of this application note is to show designers how the ST7 microcontroller helps in the design of such a ballast. In addition, it shows how the use of the ST7LITE0 microcontroller adds some attributes facilitating design-work and improving the ballast functionality.

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2.6 PROGRAMMING AND TOOLS AN978:ST7 VISUAL DEBUG SOFTWARE KEY DEBUGGING FEATURES ST7 Visual Debug (STVD7) is a powerful, easy-to-use, integrated development environment (IDE) that allows you to build and debug applications for ST7 microcontrollers. This Windows-based IDE runs on your host PC, which can be connected to your application board via an emulator or an in-circuit debugging module AN983:KEY FEATURES OF THE COSMIC ST7 C-COMPILER PACKAGE COSMIC Software is a privately-owned company founded in 1983 in Paris, France by Dr. Maurice Fathi and Jean-Pierre Lavandier, two engineers experienced in UNIX systems and embedded development tools. COSMIC develops among other things C compilers and debuggers for ST7 8-bit microcontrollers. The purpose of this application note is to explain how to get started with the C COSMIC tool chain and the ST Visual Debugger developed by ST (STVD7) or the IDE (Integrated Development Environment) developed by COSMIC (IDEA: Integrated Development Environment for Embedded Applications) using ST7 microcontrollers. The following operating systems are supported: Windows 95, 98, NT. AN985:EXECUTING CODE IN ST7 RAM Using the ST72251 as an example, this application note describes how to execute programs in the on-chip RAM area of the ST7. The code to be executed can be copied from the ROM area or loaded from an external device such as a host system or serial device such as E²PROM. With the aid of flowcharts and an example source in assembly language, this document explains the essential steps required: linking, copying the code and calling the program. AN986:USING THE ST7 INDIRECT ADDRESSING MODE The ST7 assembly language instruction set includes the indirect addressing mode (indexed or not indexed) for short and long variables. This document shows using examples how using the indirect addressing mode allows the programmer to write more compact code in both Assembly and C language programs. AN987:ST7 IN-CIRCUIT PROGRAMMING This application note describes the advantages of In-Circuit Programming vs. programming on an EPROM programming board. It also documents how to implement In-Circuit Programming targeting most of the ST7 general purpose microcontrollers. These devices are all the ST7 MCUs supported by the ST7 starter kits and ST7 EPBs in the MDT1, MDT3 and MDT4 tool families.

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AN988:STARTING WITH ST7 ASSEMBLY TOOL CHAIN This document gives guidelines on how to start an ST7 application design based on the ST7 Assembly tool chain. The ST7 tool chain is a DOS or UNIX hosted cross development system for ST7 microcontroller based applications. The application note describes the use of the tool chain in the DOS environment. An overview of the tool chain is given and the Assembler options are described. AN989:STARTING WITH ST7 HIWARE C This document gives guidelines on how to start an ST7 application design based on the HIWARE C Compiler chain. A description is given of how to set up a project using the Hi-Cross C Compiler combined with the WINEDIT editor/project management tool integrated in the HiCross package. The ST7 Hi-Cross/Hi-Light tool chain is a cross development system for ST7 microcontroller applications from HIWARE A.G. AN1039:ST7 MATH UTILITY ROUTINES The goal of this application note is to present the following mathematical routines: - division of two 8-bit numbers - multiplication of two 16-bit numbers - division of one 32 bit number by a 16-bit one (result stored into a word) - addition of two 16-bit numbers - subtraction of two 16-bit numbers - test if a 16 bit number value is within a predefined range - binary to decimal conversion In this application, the MCU used is a ST72251. AN1064:WRITING OPTIMIZED HIWARE C LANGUAGE FOR ST7 The purpose of this note is to present how to write an optimized C software application for an ST7-based embedded system. The main topics focus on how to write C source code that generates the smallest code and data size. To reach this goal some specific C language extensions have to be used like compiler options and pragmas.

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AN1071:HALF DUPLEX USB-TO-SERIAL BRIDGE USING THE ST72611 USB MICROCONTROLLER This application note describes how to develop a bridge that allows a RS232 peripheral to be connected to a host computer through a USB connection. Communication with the host computer is based on the HID (Human Interface Device) USB protocol, permitting a maximum speed of 800 Bytes/sec with a USB Low Speed device. It makes development of the user host application easy by using the native HID driver and functions library provided by the OS (Operating System). AN1106:TRANSLATING ASSEMBLY CODE FROM HC05 TO ST7 This application note has been written to help users translate their HC05 assembly source code into ST7 source code. Even if both assembly languages are quite similar, the philosophy and program structure are quite different. A software translator ("migr2st7") has been developed by STMicroelectronics and is available on the MCU ON CD. For more information on the ST7 Assembly Tool Chain, please refer to the application note "Starting with ST7 Assembly Tool Chain" (AN988) and the software library available on Internet (www.st.com/product/support) or the ST7 CD ROM. AN1179:PROGRAMMING ST7 FLASH MICROCONTROLLERS IN REMOTE ISP This application note is divided into two parts. The first part describes the ISP and FLASH programming specifications for the following ST7 devices: ST72C104, ST72C124, ST72C171, ST72C215, ST72C216, ST72C254, ST72C314, ST72C334, ST72C411 (supports two ISP protocols, refer to the datasheet). The second part of this application note gives an example of how to use the ISP protocol to program the FLASH memory and the option bytes of a ST72C254, using another ST7 as a programming tool. AN1446:USING THE ST72521 EMULATOR TO DEBUG A ST72324 TARGET APPLICATION The ST72521 emulator is able to support development of software for the ST72324 target MCU because the ST72521 and ST72324 are essentially compatible. The purpose of this document is to highlight the differences so you can write software which will run without modification on both the ST72521 emulator and the ST72324 target. Only functional aspects will be covered. Electrical characteristics and Flash programming aspects that cannot be tested on the emulator are not covered by this document. Due to the fact that the ST72521 emulator has been delivered in two versions, this document is divided into 2 sections corresponding to the following emulator versions and ST72324 silicon version.

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AN1478:PORTING AN ST7 PANTA PROJECT TO CODEWARRIOR IDE Hiware was been acquired by Metrowerks in July 2000. As a result, PANTA IDE (from Hiware) is still supported but won't be improved or modified. It has been replaced by CodeWarrior IDE from Metrowerks. This application note explains how to switch from Panta to Metrowerks. AN1527:DEVELOPING A USB SMARTCARD READER WITH ST7SCR This document describes a firmware implementation developed by STMicroelectronics for a USB Smart Card Reader. This firmware is for the ST7SCR microcontroller and can be used with the associated Smart Card Reader board available from STMicroelectronics. AN1575:ON-BOARD PROGRAMMING METHODS FOR XFLASH AND HDFLASH ST7 MCUS This application note presents various ways of programming a Microcontroller (MCU) that has already been soldered on a PCB. This "on-board" programming process can be used to update either the whole firmware or only a set of data. The techniques described are fully supported features of the STMicroelectronics range of MCUs with embedded non-volatile memories (OTP, then FLASH) designed to meet the needs of equipment manufacturers and customers. The ever-growing importance of Surface Mounted Devices (SMD) with high pin count makes it more and more complex and costly to program with standard programming tools, while the constraints of time-to-market and flexibility make it necessary to be able to program or reprogram the products as late as possible in the production cycle, even at the final customer site. Aside from these manufacturing considerations, the capability of an MCU to be reprogrammed in-situ opens new application fields: customization, performance upgrades,